"Death with boots on": Challenges faced by elderly farmers in the process of retirement and family succession
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21527/2237-6453.2024.60.15108Keywords:
Resistance to retirement, succession in agriculture, bibliometric analysis, belongingAbstract
The rural population and the managers of agricultural production units are aging and the generational renewal in the countryside is finding it difficult to be carried out. One of the central aspects of this difficulty lies in the resistance of older farmers to hand over property management to younger ones. The objective of this study was to analyze and understand the weaknesses and problems faced by elderly farmers in the face of the succession process and their withdrawal from the management of rural properties. Methodologically, bibliometric research was carried out, followed by an in-depth systematic review. Scopus was used as a database considering the following keywords "retirement" AND "succession" AND "farm". From the search and refinement of the documents, 34 documents resulted to be analyzed. It was found that older farmers have difficulties leaving the management and activities of the rural property, that is, they do not retire. Such problems exist, above all, because of the symbolic capital that the rural property represents for the older farmer and the negative social weight or judgment for those who withdraw because socially there is a consensus that good farmers do not retire. Such behavior has negative consequences in the context of the succession process, rural properties, and the development of agriculture. Government assistance through the payment of subsidies to elderly farmers or young successors would help with the intergenerational transfer of agriculture as well as semi-retirement.
References
ALCÂNTARA, Adriana. Envelhecer no contexto rural: a vida depois do aposento. 2016. Disponível em: http://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/handle/11058/9098. Acesso em: 18 out. 2022.
ALDANONDO OCHOA, A. M.; CASANOVAS OLIVA, V.; ALMANSA SÁEZ, C. Explaining farm succession: the impact of farm location and off-farm employment opportunities. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 5, n. 2, p. 214-225, 2007. DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2007052-241
BAWACK, R. E. et al. Artificial intelligence in E-Commerce: a bibliometric study and literature review. Electronic Markets, p. 1-42, 2022. DOI: 10.1007/s12525-022-00537-z
BEECHER, M. et al. Careers in dairy: adolescents perceptions and attitudes. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension. v. 25, p. 415-430. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2019.1643745
BERTONI, D.; CAVICCHIOLI, D. Process description, qualitative analysis and causal relationships in farm succession. CABI Reviews, n. 2016, p. 1-11, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR201611043
BOURDIEU, P. A economia das trocas simbólicas. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 1982.
BOURDIEU, P. Avec Löic Wacquant; réponses. Paris: Seuil, 1992.
BREITENBACH, R.; CORAZZA, G. Formação profissional e a relação com a sucessão geracional entre jovens rurais, Brasil. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, v. 17, n. 2, p. 262-296, 2019.
BREITENBACH, R.; CORAZZA, G. Jovens rurais do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil: Questões de gênero na sucessão geracional. Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento Regional, v. 16, n. 3, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54399/rbgdr.v16i3.5889
BREITENBACH, R.; FOGUESATTO, C. R. Should I stay or should I go? Gender differences and factors influencing family farm business succession in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Land Use Policy, v. 128, p. 106597, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106597
CALUS, M.; VAN HUYLENBROECK, G.; VAN LIERDE, D. The relationship between farm succession and farm assets on Belgian farms. Sociologia ruralis, v. 48, n. 1, p. 38-56, 2008.
CONWAY, S. F. et al. Intergenerational Transfer of Family Farms: A View of the Human Side. 12th IFSA SYMPOSIUM, 2016a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.01.016
CONWAY, S. F. et al. Cease agricultural activity forever? Underestimating the importance of symbolic capital, Journal of Rural Studies, v. 44, p. 164, p. 176, 2016b. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.01.016
CONWAY, S. F. et al. Farmers Don't Retire: Reassessing How We Engage and Understand the “Older” Farmer's Perspective. Sustainability, Switzerland, 1º mar. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052533
CONWAY, S. F. et al. Unraveling obstacles: the exercise of symbolic power in the complex arena of intergenerational transfer of family farming. Journal of Rural Studies, ago. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.007
CONWAY, S. F. et al. On the contrary: uncovering the habitus of older farmers to help facilitate renewal in agriculture. Ruralis sociology, July. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12355
CONWAY, S. F. et al. Till Death Do Us Part: Exploring the Irish Farmer-Farm Relationship in Adult Life Through the Lens of “Insideness”. International Journal of Agricultural Management, 1º jun. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.292482
CONWAY, S. F. et al. Human dynamics and the intergenerational transfer process of farms in adulthood: a roadmap for future generational renewal in politics. International Journal of Agricultural Management, 22 ago. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5836/jam/2019-08-22
DOWNEY, H.; THRELKELD, G.; THRELKELD, J. How do older Australian farming couples build lifelong generativity? A narrative exploration. Journal of Aging Studies, 1º Aug. 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2016.04.007
DOWNEY, H.; THRELKELD, G.; WARBURTON, J. What is the role of place identity in the retirement of older farming couples? Journal of Rural Studies, 1º feb. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.12.006
DUESBERG, S.; BOGUE, P.; RENWICK, A. Retirement agriculture or sustainable growth – land transfer options for non-successor farmers. Land Use Policy, 1º feb. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.12.007
FOGUESATTO, C. R. et al. Will I have a potential successor? Factors influencing family farming succession in Brazil. Land Use Policy, v. 97, 104643, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104643.
GHA. Ghana News Agency. Making agriculture attractive to the youth. Tuesday, mar. 20, 2012.
GLAUBEN, T.; TIETE, H.; WEISS, C. Agriculture on the move: exploring regional differences in farm exit rates in West Germany. Jahrbuch fur Regionalwissenschaft, Mar. 2006. DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/23600
HAUTANIEMI, S. L.; GUTMANN, M. Land Use and Transfer Plans in the US Great Plains. Great Plains Survey, Sept. 2006. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23780061. Acesso em: 18 out. 2022.
HAYDEN, M.; MCNALLY, B.; KINSELLA, A. Exploring the state's pension provision policy for the farming community. Journal of Rural Studies, ago. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.05.032
HOLLOWAY, L. et al. Futures of sustainable family farming: exploring family farming decision-making challenges through an emotional lens of “belonging”. Sustainability, Switzerland, 1º Nov. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112271
INGRAM, J.; KIRWAN, J. Matching new entrants and retired farmers through agricultural joint ventures: Insights from the Fresh Start Initiative in Cornwall, UK. Land Use Policy, 29 June 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.04.001
ISTENIČ, M. Č.; HOČEVAR, D. K. Perception of intergenerational relationships on farms in Slovenia through the gender lens. 2009. Disponível em: https://oega.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Tagung/2008/Band_18/18_2__Cernic_Knezivic.pdf. Acesso em: 25 out. 2022
JANSUWAN, P.; ZANDER, K. K. What to do with the farmland? Coping with ageing in rural Thailand. Journal of Rural Studies, Jan. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.12.003
KARARACH, G.; KOBENA, T. H.; FRANNIE, A. L. Regional integration policies to support job creation for Africa’s burgeoning youth population. The African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF) Working Paper #21, 2011.
KIMHI A; LOPEZ R. A note on farmers' retirement and succession considerations: Evidence from a household survey. Journal of Agricultural Economic, Jan. 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1999.tb00802.x
KONTOGEORGOS, A.; CHATZITHEODORIDIS, F.; TSAMPRA, M. Agricultural policy and the environment protection through the eyes of new farmers: Evidence from a country of Southeast Europe. Procedia Economics and Finance, v. 19, p. 296-303, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00030-1
LAGO, Adriano et al. Analyzing decision-making factors in the generational succession of rural youth. Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management, v. 10, n. 2, p. 100.187, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcom.2022.100187
MARCOUX, L.; HÉBERT Maxime. Retirement of the agricultural community: individual, family and social issues. Enfances, Familles, Générations, 15 jun. 2020.
MATTE, A. et al. Agricultura e pecuária familiar: (Des) continuidade na reprodução social e na gestão dos negócios. Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento Regional, v. 15, n. 1, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54399/rbgdr.v15i1.4317
MBEINE, E. How Can We Attract the Ugandan Youth to Agriculture? In: Agriculture for Food and Income Security: Agricultural Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan 2010/11–2014/15. Entebbe: FIT Uganda Ltd., Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, 2012.
MISHRA, A. K.; EL- OSTA, H. S. Effect of agricultural policy on succession decisions of farm households. Review of Economics of the Household, v. 6, p. 285-307, 2008. DOI: 10.1007/s11150-008-9032-7
MISHRA, A.; EL-OSTA, H.; SHAIK, S. Succession Decisions in US Family Farming Businesses. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Apr. 2010. DOI: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23243041
MOREIRA, P. S. C.; GUIMARÃES, A. J. R.; TSUNODA, D. F. Qual ferramenta bibliométrica escolher? Um estudo comparativo entre softwares. P2P & Inovação, 2020. Disponível em: https://brapci.inf.br/index.php/res/download/138660. Acesso em: 6 jul. 2022.
O‘CALLAGHAN, Z.; WARBURTON, J. No one to fill my shoes: Narrative practices of three ageing Australian male farmers. Ageing and Society, 1º mar. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X1500118X
OSAWA, T.; KOHYAMA, K.; MITSUHASHI, H. Multiple factors drive regional agricultural abandonment. Science of The Total Environment, v. 542, p. 478-483. 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.067
PAGE, J. Youth, jobs, and structural change: Confronting Africa’s “Employment problem”. Working Paper Series, n. 155. African Development Bank, Tunis, Tunisia, 2012.
PECHROVÁ, M. Š.; ŠIMPACH, O. Do subsidies help young farmers? The case study of the Czech Republic. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun202068010255
PETRICK, M.; WEISS, C. Probability and Time of Succession or Termination in Family Firms: A Regression Analysis of Change in Agricultural Households in Germany. Journal of Rural Studies, Jan. 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840601131722
PITTS, M. J. et al. Dialectical tensions underpinning family farm succession planning. Journal of Applied Communication Research. Res. v. 37, p. 59-79, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880802592631
POTTER, C.; LOBLEY, M. Ageing and succession on family farms: the impact on decision-making and land use. Sociologia Ruralis, v. 32, 1992. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9523.1992.tb00935.x
ROGERS, M. et al. Healthy Aging: Cultivating at twilight. Rural Society, 17 dic. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5172/rsj.2013.22.3.251
SCOPUS. Elsevier. Start exploring. Disponivel em: https://www-scopus-com.ez47.periodicos.capes.gov.br/search/form.uri?display=basic. Acesso em: 02 jul. 2022
STOFFEL, J. A influência da agricultura familiar no desenvolvimento rural na Região Sul do Brasil. 2013. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional Mestrado e Doutorado, Santa Cruz do Sul, 2013.
URBAN, B.; NONKWELO, R. P. Intra-family dynamics and succession planning in family businesses in South Africa: The daughter as a potential successor. Journal of Family Business Management, v. 12, n. 2, p. 266-279, 2022. DOI:10.1108/JFBM-08-2020-0084
WHEELER, S. et al. Handing down the farm? The increasing uncertainty of irrigated farm succession in Australia. Journal of Rural Studies, v. 28, n. 3, p. 266-275, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.04.001
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Desenvolvimento em Questão
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
a. Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
b. Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
c. Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
