De Sophia à inteligência artificial geral: Antropomorfismo e consciência no estado da arte atual da tecnologia

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21527/2317-5389.2024.23.15909

Palavras-chave:

inteligência artificial, consciência, antropomorfismo

Resumo

O objetivo geral deste artigo é definir as possibilidades e óbices do desenvolvimento de uma inteligência artificial (IA) capaz de ser tão inteligente e capaz (ou até mais) do que o ser humano. Como resultado, tem-se que, apesar dos grandes avanços científicos sobre o comportamento humano e o funcionamento do cérebro, ainda se sabe pouco sobre o que é e que como funciona aquilo que tem sido chamado de consciência, o que oblitera o desenvolvimento de uma inteligência artificial geral (IAG). Metodologicamente, trata-se de pesquisa desenvolvido conforme o método de procedimento dialético, tendo abordagem qualitativa e transdisciplinar e técnica de pesquisa de revisão bibliográfica.

 

Referências

ARNOLD, B. B.; GOUGH, D. Turing’s People: Personhood, Artificial Intelligence and Popular Culture. Canberra Law Review, v. 15, n. 1, p. 4-33, 2018. Available at: http://www7.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/CanLawRw//2017/1.html. Access in: June 22 2021.

ATREIDES, K. Choices in a Mediated Artificial Super Intelligence Assisted World: the Future Before Us. In: LEE, Newton (ed.). The Transhumanism Handbook. Cham: Springer, 2019. p. 189-214, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16920-6

BARFIELD, W. Cyber-Humans: our future with machines. Cham: Springer, 2015.

BEDAU, M. A. Artificial Life. In: FRANKISH, K.; RAMSEY, W. M. (ed.). The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. p. 296-316.

BOSTROM, N. The Vulnerable World Hypothesis. Global Policy, v. 10, n. 4, p. 455-476, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12718

BOSTROM, N.; YUDKOWSKY, E. The ethics of artificial intelligence. In: FRANKISH, Keith; RAMSEY, William M. (ed.). The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. p. 316-334.

BRENNAN-MARQUEZ, K.; LEVY, K.; SUSSER, D. Strange Loops: Apparent versus Actual Human Involvement in Automated Decision Making. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, v. 34, n. 3, p. 745-772, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15779/Z385X25D2W

BRENNEN, J. S.; HOWARD, P. N.; NIELSEN, R. K. What to expect when you’re expecting robots: Futures, expectations, and pseudo-artificial general intelligence in UK news. Journalism, p. 1-17, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920947535

CARDON, A. Beyond Artificial Intelligence: from Human Consciousness to Artificial Consciousness. London; Hoboken: Iste: Wiley, 2018.

CHEN, J.; BURGESS, P. The boundaries of legal personhood: how spontaneous intelligence can problematise differences between humans, artificial intelligence, companies and animals". Artificial Intelligence and Law, n. 27, p. 73-92, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-018-9229-x

CHOWDHARY, K. R. Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence. New Delhi: Springer, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3972-7

ELIASMITH, C. On the Eve of Artificial Minds. In: METZINGER, T.; WINDT, J. M. (ed.). Open Mind. Frankfurt am Main: Mind Group, 2015. p. 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15502/9783958570252

GANASCIA, J.-G. Le Mythe de la Singularité: Faut-il craindre l’intelligence artificielle? Paris: Éditions Du Seuil, 2017.

KARANASIOU, A. P.; PINOTSIS, D. A. A study into the layers of automated decision-making: emergent normative and legal aspects of deep learning. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2017.1298499

KURZWEIL, R. Superintelligence and Singularity. In: SCHNEIDER, S. (ed.). Science Fiction and Philosophy: from Time Travel to Superintelligence. 2. ed. Hoboken: Wiley, 2016. p. 146-170.

LEE, N. Beauty is in the A.I. of the Beholder: Artificial and Superintelligence. In: LEE, N. (ed.). The Transhumanism Handbook. Cham: Springer, 2019. p. 153-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16920-6

MAINZER, K. Artificial Intelligence: when do machines take over? Berlin: Springer, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59717-0

MILLIERE, R.; METZINGER, T. Radical disruptions of self-consciousness. Philosophy and the Mind Sciences, v. 1, n. I, p. 1-13, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2020.I.50

PARVIAINEN, J.; COECKELBERGH, M. The political choreography of the Sophia robot: beyond robot rights and citizenship to political performances for the social robotics market. AI & Society, p. 1-10, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-01104-w

RUSSELL, S. J.; NORVIG, P. Artificial Intelligence: a Modern Approach. 3. ed. Essex: Pearson, 2016.

SCHEUTZ, M. Artificial emotions and machine consciousness. In: FRANKISH, K.; RAMSEY, W. M. (ed.). The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. p. 247-268.

SHNEIDERMAN, B. Design Lessons from AI’s Two Grand Goals: Human Emulation and Useful Applications". IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society, v. 1, n. 2, p. 1-17, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2020.2992669

SHULMAN, C.; BOSTROM, N. Sharing the World with Digital Minds. Nick Bostrom’s Home Page, p. 1-18, 2020. Available at: https://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/monster.pdf. Access in: June 22 2021.

SLOMAN, A. Huge, but Unnoticed, Gaps Between Current AI and Natural Intelligence. In: MÜLLER, V. C. (ed.). Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence 2017. Cham: Springer, 2018. p. 92-105.

STRASSER, A. Social Cognition and Artificial Agents. In: MÜLLER, V. C. (ed.). Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence 2017. Cham: Springer, 2018. p. 106-116.

SUMANTRI, V. K. Legal Responsibility on Errors of the Artificial Intelligence-based Robots. Lentera Hukum, v. 6, n. 2, p. 333-348, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v6.i2.10154

TURING, A. Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind, New Series, v. 59, n. 236, p. 433-460, 1950.

WALLACH, W. Rise of the Automatons. Savannah Law Review, v. 5, n. 1, p. 1-12, 2017. Available at: https://www.savannahlawschool.org/lawreview/. Access in: June 22 2021.

WANG, P. On Defining Artificial Intelligence. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence, v. 10, n. 2, p. 1-37, 2019.

WATSON, D. The Rhetoric and Reality of Anthropomorfism in Artificial Intelligence. Minds and Machines, v. 29, n. 3, p. 417-440, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-019-09506-6

YAMPOLSKIY, R. V. Artificial Superintelligence: a futuristic approach. Boca Raton; London; New York: CRC Press, 2016.

YAMPOLSKIY, R. V. On Defining Differences between Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence, v. 11, n. 2, p. 68-70, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jagi-2020-0003

Downloads

Publicado

2024-05-08

Como Citar

Fornasier, M. de O. (2024). De Sophia à inteligência artificial geral: Antropomorfismo e consciência no estado da arte atual da tecnologia. Revista Direitos Humanos E Democracia, 12(23), e15909. https://doi.org/10.21527/2317-5389.2024.23.15909