Externalidade Florestal: Caracterizações e Soluções Provenientes das Legislações Florestais Brasileiras e dos Acordos Internacionais sobre Meio Ambiente

Abstract

The environmental externality is the loss (or benefit) related to environmental issues, caused by the economic activity of individuals who are not involved in this trading relationship. Forest externalities are characterized by the relationship with the forests, either as a result of activities carried out or due to the benefits or harm caused to them and as well as to their environmental services. The purpose of this paper is to characterize as forest externalities and to describe the mechanisms of solution based on two groups of documents: (i) international agreements and reports of world events organized by UN agencies; (ii) Brazilian forest legislation. The results demonstrate the association of forest externalities with the way the forest resources and soil are used. It is observed some essential characteristics of this external quite similar in both sets of documents, despite their different approaches. These features refer to: a) dynamic balance of forest externalities; b) the positive externalities are associated with environmental services or the reduction of pressure over planted forests; c) Solution of environmental issues related to forests predominantly from the regulation and grant; d) Monetary issues characterized only for the shortage of forest products marketed as firewood and wood; e) complex configuration to solve climate problems; although it may be settled off by more than one external mechanism of solution, including the market.