CHALLENGES AND CRITICISMS TO THE TRIPLE HELIX MODEL: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW

Abstract

As from the criticisms and challenges to the Triple Helix (TH) model, it is possible to use, understand and make transactions that promote new models such as Quadruple Helix and Quintuple well deployed, heading better results for the process of generating innovation and knowledge. Through this lens, this article aims to identify the main challenges and criticisms associated with the TH model based on an integrative review. Therefore, through an integrative review, studies were systematized in order to identify the main research objectives; theoretical approaches; methodology and object of study; TH reviews; and associated contexts. Additionally, it was proposed an agenda for future studies. Results show a panorama where criticism studies are concentrated in Europe, and, among the main criticisms and models, we have: differences in objectives, cooperation failures and communication problems between TH actors, failure in consideration of the context and global aspects, lack of a lead actor or representative; traditionally a top-down model without a consideration of cultural problems. Moreover, the challenging contexts for the TH model are the peripheral regions where there is a low density of R&D, regions where the university has a secondary role, and locations with actors that exhibit bureaucratic systems.